Efecto de la suplementación del zinc sobre el peso fetal en ratas diabéticas gestadas / Effect of zinc supplementation on fetal weight in pregnant diabetic rats

RESUMEN Introducción: La relación entre la deficiencia de Zn y la elevada incidencia de alteraciones en el crecimiento intrauterino en la diabetes materna aún no se ha dilucidado. En la literatura consultada no existen reportes del efecto de la suplementación con el micronutriente sobre el crecimiento fetal en modelos de diabetes con hiperglucemias moderadas. Objetivo: Determinar el efecto sobre el peso fetal de la suplementación con zinc a ratas con diabetes moderada durante la gestación. Métodos: Se utilizó un modelo de diabetes moderada inducida en ratas Wistar al segundo día de nacidas por inducción subcutánea con estreptozotocina (100mg/kg-pc). En la adultez las ratas sanas y diabéticas fueron apareadas con machos sanos. Según correspondiera recibieron durante 20 días de gestación un suplemento de sulfato de zinc (50mg/kg). Se estudiaron 395 fetos de cuatro grupos: fetos de ratas sanas sin suplemento, de ratas sanas suplementadas, de ratas diabéticas sin suplemento y de ratas diabéticas suplementadas. Los fetos se clasificaron en pequeños (PEG), adecuados (AEG) y grandes (GEG) para la edad gestacional. Resultados: La descendencia de las ratas diabéticas suplementadas mostró valores del peso fetal similares a ambos grupos sanos al término de la gestación, presentando menor porcentaje de fetos PEG y GEG, así como mayor porcentaje de AEG respecto al grupo diabético no suplementado. Conclusiones: La suplementación con Zn durante la gestación a ratas diabéticas con hiperglucemias moderadas causó efectos positivos sobre su descendencia al aumentar el porcentaje de fetos con peso adecuado.

ABSTRACT Introduction: the relationship between Zn deficiency and the high incidence of abnormal intrauterine growth in maternal diabetes has not yet been elucidated. There are no reports in the consulted literature of the effect of micronutrient supplementation on fetal growth in models of diabetes with moderate hyperglycemia. Objective: to determine the effect of zinc supplementation on fetal weight in rats with moderate diabetes during pregnancy. Methods: a model of mild diabetes was used in Wistar rats on the second day of birth by subcutaneous streptozotocin induction (100mg/kg-bw). As adults, healthy and diabetic rats were mated with healthy males. As appropriate, they received a zinc sulfate supplement (50mg/kg) during 20 days of gestation. A number of 395 fetuses from four groups were studied: fetuses from healthy rats without supplementation, from healthy rats supplemented, from diabetic rats without supplementation and from diabetic rats supplemented. Fetuses were classified as small (SGA), adequate (AGA), and large (LGA) for gestational age. Results: the offspring of the supplemented diabetic rats showed similar fetal weight values to both healthy groups at the end of pregnancy, having a lower percentage of SGA and LGA fetuses, as well as a higher percentage of AGA compared to the non-supplemented diabetic group. Conclusions: Zn supplementation during pregnancy in diabetic rats with moderate hyperglycemia had positive effects on their offspring by increasing the percentage of fetuses with adequate weight.

Treatment response as a diagnostic feature in zinc deficiency-associated dermatitis in a three-month-old Filipino male: A case report

Introduction@#Zinc deficiency is of high magnitude in developing countries such as the Philippines. Zinc deficiency dermatitis is recognized through characteristic cutaneous presentation supported by diagnostic workups which may not be feasible or practical in low-resource settings.@*Case report@#A three-month-old Filipino male was brought in for erosions of three (3) weeks duration that were unrespon- sive to topical and systemic antimicrobial treatment. On examination, he had multiple erythematous erosions with yellowish to brownish, crusted borders with predilection on the face, inguinal and gluteal areas, flexures of the extremities, and digits. Workup revealed normal zinc levels, decreased alkaline phosphatase, and bacterial growth in cultures. Histopathology revealed intraepidermal vesiculobullous dermatitis. Given the clinicopathologic presentation, a diagnosis of zinc deficiency-associated dermatitis was made. Along with antimicrobials and topical care, oral zinc sulfate with elemental zinc at 3 mg/kg/day was started, with remarkable improvement within three (3) days and near-resolution after eight (8) days of zinc therapy. Zinc supplementation was administered for three (3) months with gradual tapering. The skin remained clear despite the withdrawal of zinc supplemen- tation. Response to treatment supported the impression of zinc deficiency, while sustained skin clearance upon withdrawal verified an acquired etiology.@*Conclusion@#Zinc deficiency-associated dermatitis is more common in areas where costly diagnostic modalities are not readily available. In clinically suspected zinc deficiency, response to treatment can serve as a retrospective diagnostic feature, and sus- tained clearance upon withdrawal may aid in identifying etiology. Trial of therapy may then be considered in optimizing the cost-ef- fective management of zinc deficiency-associated dermatitis.

Biomarkers of zinc deficiency in left-behind children under 1 year old in Zunyi area / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Objective:To analyze the urine of normal healthy left-behind children under 1 year old and left-behind children with zinc deficiency under 1 year old in Zunyi area using hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance ( 1HNMR), thus providing a new biomarker for the early diagnosis of zinc deficiency. Methods:From January to August 2018, a total of 40 normal healthy left-behind children under 1 year old in Zunyi area(healthy control group)[22 males and 18 females, average age of (7.78±3.62) months, average height of (65.01±2.67) cm and average body mass of (7.15±1.59) kg] and 40 age-matched left-behind children with zinc deficiency in the same region(zinc deficiency group)[19 males and 21 females, average age of (7.89±3.57) months, average height of (64.25±2.95) cm and average body mass of (7.02±1.68) kg] were included for a cross-sectional study by stratified sampling.The urine 1HNMR spectra of children in the 2 groups were measured, and the age, height, body mass and serum zinc content of children in the 2 groups were compared.The metabolites of the 2 groups were compared by metabono-mics technology combined with multivariate statistical analysis, and the differential metabolites of children with zinc deficiency were screened out. Results:There were no significant differences in age, height and body mass between the 2 groups (all P>0.05). The serum zinc level of healthy control group was significantly higher than that of zinc deficiency group [(54.3±3.06) mmol/L vs.(39.2±3.77) mmol/L, t=22.65, P<0.05]. Urine 1HNMR spectrogram results showed that compared with healthy controls, 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid, phenyl acetyl glycine, and hippuric acid salt water were significantly lower in zinc deficiency group ( r=-0.620, -0.689, and -0.721, respectively, all | r|>0.602, all P<0.05). Conclusions:Zinc deficiency in left-behind children under 1 year old in Zunyi area is mainly manifested by decreased metabolites of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid, phenylacetyl glycine and horse-urate, suggesting metabolic disorder of intestinal flora.Differentially expressed metabolites have a potential application value in the early diagnosis of zinc deficiency.

A decreasing trend in zinc deficiency in Mexican children aged 1-4: analysis of three national health and nutrition surveys in 1999, 2006 and 2018-19 / Tendencia en decremento de la deficiencia de zinc en niños mexicanos de 1-4 años de edad: análisis de tres encuestas nacionales de salud y nutrición 1999, 2006 y 2018-19

Abstract Objective: To describe trends in zinc deficiency (ZD) prevalence among preschool-age Mexican children, and explore differences in this trend among beneficiaries of the conditional cash transfer program Progresa/Oportunidades/ Prospera (CCT-POP). Materials and methods: The serum zinc information of children aged 1-4 who participated in the ENN 1999, Ensanut 2006 and Ensanut 2018-19 was analyzed. ZD was categorized according to IZiNCG cutoff values. Logistic regression models were used to identify personal participant characteristics associated with ZD trends, and tests for interactions between survey CCT-POP beneficiaries were applied. Results: ZD decreased by 22.3 percentage points (pp) between ENN 1999 and Ensanut 2018-19; among CCT-POP beneficiaries, the decrease was 58.6 pp. Overweight was associated with higher odds of ZD (OR=2.18, p=0.023). Conclusions: In the last 19 years, ZD declined significantly among preschool-age Mexican children. Child beneficiaries of the social program CCT-POP showed the largest reduc- tion of ZD.

Resumen Objetivo: Describir la tendencia de la deficiencia de zinc (DZ) en niños preescolares y explorar si la tendencia fue diferente entre beneficiarios del programa de transferencia monetaria Progresa/Oportunidades/Prospera (PTM-POP). Material y métodos: Se analizó información de Zn sérico en niños de 1-4 años participantes de la ENN 1999, Ensanut 2006 y 2018-19. Se categorizó la DZ de acuerdo con los puntos de corte propuestos por el IZiNCG. Se emplearon modelos de regresión logística para identificar las características asociadas con la tendencia en la DZ y se evaluó la interacción con beneficiarios del PTM-POP. Resultados: La DZ disminuyó 22.3 puntos porcentuales (pp) entre la ENN 1999 y la Ensanut 2018-19, y disminuyó 58.6 pp entre beneficiarios del PTM-POP en el mismo periodo. El sobrepeso se asoció con mayor riesgo de DZ (RM=2.18, p=0.023). Conclusiones: La DZ disminuyó significativamente en los últimos 19 años en México. Los niños beneficiarios del PTM-POP mostraron las mayores reducciones en la DZ.

Insufficient consumption of micronutrients and common mental disorders in Brazilian adolescents

ABSTRACT The study aimed to estimate the association of insufficient consumption of vitamins A, C, E, B12 and zinc on the pathogenesis of Common Mental Disorders (CMD) in Brazilian adolescents who participated in the Estudo de Riscos Cardiovasculares em Adolescentes - ERICA (Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents) from February 2013 to November 2014. The sample corresponded to the number of students (71,971) who answered the the 24-hour dietary recall and the questionnaire that addressed mental health. Pearson's chi-square test and multivariate logistic regression analysis were performed between the CMD variable and insufficient micronutrient consumption, adjusting for sex, type of school and age group variables. The level of significance adopted was p<0.05. Associations between the existence of CMD and insufficient consumption of Vitamin B12 and zinc were significant. Zinc, when consumed in small quantities, was the element that most influenced the CMD variable. Therefore, it was found that insufficient consumption of Vitamin B12 and zinc influences the presence of CMD in adolescents.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar la asociación del consumo insuficiente de vitaminas A, C, E, B12 y zinc en la patogénesis de los trastornos mentales comunes (TMC) en adolescentes brasileños que participaron en el Estudio de Riesgos Cardiovasculares en Adolescentes (ERICA), en el período de febrero de 2013 a noviembre de 2014. La muestra correspondió al número de estudiantes (71.971) que respondieron una encuesta de alimentación recordatorio de 24 horas y un cuestionario que abordaba aspectos de la salud mental. La prueba de chi-cuadrado y el análisis de regresión logística multivariada se aplicaron entre la variable TMC y el consumo insuficiente de micronutrientes, ajustando por sexo, tipo de escuela y grupo de edad. El nivel de significación aceptado fue del p<0,05. Las asociaciones entre la existencia de TMC y el consumo insuficiente de vitamina B12 y zinc fueron significativas. El zinc, cuando se consume en pequeñas cantidades, fue el elemento que más influyó en la variable TMC. Por lo tanto, se encontró que el consumo insuficiente de vitamina B12 y zinc influye en la presencia de TMC en adolescentes.

Effect of Dietary Zinc Deficiency on Proliferation of Esophageal Squamous Cells in Mice and Related Mechanism / 肿瘤防治研究

Objective To investigate the effect of dietary zinc deficiency on the proliferation of esophageal epithelial cells in mice and related mechanism. Methods Twenty C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into two groups and fed with zinc-sufficient diet and zinc-deficient diet respectively. We observed the changes of body weight, zinc concentration in blood and tissues, and the expression of PCNA, P38MAPK, NF-κB p105, NF-κB p65 and COX-2 proteins in the esophageal mucosa tissues. Results Compared with the zinc-sufficient group, the body weight and zinc content in blood and esophageal mucosa were significantly decreased in the zinc-deficient group (P < 0.05). Immunohistochemical results showed that PCNA, P38MAPK, NF-κB p105, NF-κB p65 and COX-2 in the esophageal mucosa of the zinc-deficient group were significantly increased. Conclusion Insufficient dietary zinc intake can inhibit the growth of mice and promote the proliferation of mouse esophageal epithelial squamous cells. The mechanism is related to the induced overexpression of COX-2, P38MAPK, PCNA, NF-κBp and other tumor-related factors.

Deficiencia de cinc en mujeres en edad reproductiva, La Habana, Cuba / Zinc deficiency in childbearing-aged women, Havana, Cuba

Introducción: La deficiencia de cinc se considera un problema de salud global. Existe escasa información sobre el estado nutricional del cinc en mujeres cubanas en edad reproductiva. Objetivo: Identificar deficiencia de cinc y cobre sérico en mujeres en edad reproductiva, según factores relacionados, como la anemia, inflamación, exceso de peso y adiposidad abdominal. Métodos: Se estudiaron 104 mujeres de 18 a 40 años de edad, de La Habana, aparentemente sanas. Se realizó un estudio transversal descriptivo. Se realizó la determinación de cinc, cobre, hemoglobina, ferritina, proteína C reactiva, alfa 1 glicoproteína, peso, talla y circunferencia mínima de la cintura, se calculó el índice de masa corporal. Se utilizaron puntos de corte internacionales para la evaluación. Resultados: La prevalencia de deficiencia de hierro, estimada por ferritina sérica, cinc y cobre sérico fueron 66,3 por ciento (67/102), 36,2 por ciento (34/94) y 19,1 por ciento (18/94), respectivamente. De las mujeres 23,5 por ciento (24/102) tenían anemia e inflamación 8,8 por ciento (9/102) y 13 por ciento (13/102) estimada por CRP y AGP. Predominaron mujeres con exceso de peso 52,9 por ciento (54/102) y adiposidad abdominal 61,8 por ciento (60/97). Conclusiones: El riesgo de deficiencia de cinc en la muestra es elevado, la prevalencia del Zn sérico disminuido supera el 20 por ciento. No existe criterio para evaluar el riesgo de deficiencia de cobre como problema de salud pública. Las deficiencias de cinc y cobre no parecen estar asociadas a la anemia, la inflamación y el estado nutricional general. Se requiere realizar pesquisas adicionales para identificar la magnitud de las deficiencias de cinc y cobre y sus posibles causas(AU)

Introduction: Zinc deficiency is considered a global health problem. There is scarce information on zinc's nutritional state in Cuban childbearing-aged women. Objective: Identify zinc and serum copper deficiency in childbearing-aged women, based on related factors, such as anemia, inflammation, excess weight and abdominal adiposity. Methods: 104 seemingly healthy women from Havana, aged 18 to 40 were studied. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted. The determination of zinc, copper, hemoglobin, ferritin, C-reactive protein, alpha 1 glycoprotein, weight, size and minimum waist circumference was made, and the body mass index was calculated. International breakpoints were used for evaluation. Results: The prevalence of iron deficiency, estimated by serum ferritin, zinc and serum copper was 66.3 percent (67/101), 36.2 percent (34/94) and 19.1 percent (18/94), respectively. Of women, 23.5 percent (24/102) had anemia, and 8.8 percent had inflammation (9/102) and 13 percent (13/100) estimated by CRP and AGP. Women with overweight 52.9 percent (54/102) and abdominal adiposity 61.8% (60/97) predominated. Conclusions: The risk of zinc deficiency in the sample is high, the prevalence of decreased serum Zn exceeds 20 percent. There is no criterion for assessing the risk of copper deficiency as a public health problem. Zinc and copper deficiencies do not appear to be associated with anemia, inflammation and overall nutritional status. Additional tests are required to identify the magnitude of zinc and copper deficiencies and their possible causes(AU)

Acrodermatitis enteropática ampollosa / Bullous Acrodermatitis Enteropathica

La acrodermatitis enteropática (AE) es una genodermatosis autosómica recesiva causada por la mutación del gen responsable de codificar a la proteína transportadora de Zinc (Zn) SLC39A4. A pesar de ser una rara enfermedad es de fácil manejo y gran relevancia clínica. Se caracteriza por la siguiente tríada: dermatitis acral y periorificial, diarrea y alopecia. Comunicamos un caso de presentación atípica en una lactante de 6 meses de edad con lesiones periorificiales y ampollas acrales que resolvió rápidamente con la terapia suplementaria con Zinc (AU)

Enteropathic acrodermatitis is an autosomal recessive genodermatosis caused by the mutation of the gene responsible for encoding the Zinc transporter protein SLC39A4. Despite being a rare disease, it is easy to manage and of great clinical relevance. It is characterized by the following triad: acral and periorificial dermatitis, diarrhea and alopecia. We report a case of atypical presentation in an almost 6-month-old infant with periorificial lesions and acral blisters that quickly resolved with supplemental Zinc therapy (AU)

Zinc sérico en escolares / Serum Zinc in school children

Introducción: La primera infancia es una etapa fundamental en el desarrollo y crecimiento del ser humano, época donde el cerebro se desarrolla a la máxima velocidad. La alimentación, uno de los principales condicionantes del desarrollo y las deficiencias de micronutrientes, entre otros, son responsables de daños funcionales. Objetivo: Determinar la concentración de zinc sérico en escolares y comparar resultados con estudios en la misma población de países latinos. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo prospectivo y comparativo en 116 niños escolares entre 7 a 12 años de edad, de la escuela básica primaria, del Municipio Maracaibo, Estado Zulia, Venezuela. Se realizó evaluación antropométrica, clínica y bioquímica. Resultados: Mayor frecuencia de niñas (52,6 por ciento) edad promedio de 8 años y 9 meses y de 8 años y 5 meses para los niños; peso promedio de 25,21 kg y talla de 124,49 cm para las niñas, y peso promedio 25,07 kg y talla de 125,75 cm para los niños. Se encontró una concentración promedio de zinc en los niños de 0,49 µg/mL, y en las niñas de 0,50 µg/mL. La mayoría de los resultados de cuatro países latinos revelaron que el promedio de zinc sérico estuvo entre 0,32 y 95,2 µg/dL. Conclusión: Los niños mostraron concentraciones de zinc séricos por debajo de los valores promedios establecidos. Es necesario implementar estrategias alimentarias para mejorar el estado nutricional del zinc en las poblaciones pediátricas en países de Latinoamérica(AU)

Introduction: Early childhood is a crucial stage in the growth and development of the human being; it is the time where the brain develops at maximum speed. Feeding, one of the main determining factors of development and micronutrient deficiencies, among others, are responsible for functional damage. Objective: To determine the concentration of serum zinc in school children and to compare results with studies in the same population of different Latin American countries. Methods: Prospective descriptive and comparative study in 116 school children between 7 to 12 years old of the Basic Primary school in Maracaibo Municipality, Zulia State, Venezuela. Anthropometric clinical and biochemical assessment was performed. Results: Higher frequency in girls (52.6 percent) of average age 8 years and 9 months, and 8 years and 5 months for boys; average weight of 25.21 kg and height of 124.49 cm for girls, and average weight of 25.07 kg and height of 125.75 cm for boys. It was found an average concentration of zinc of 0.49 µg/mL in boys, and of 0.50 µg/mL in girls. Most of the results of four Latin American countries revealed that the average serum zinc was between 0.32 and 95.2 µg/dL. Conclusion: Children showed serum zinc concentrations below the mean values set. It is necessary to implement food strategies to improve the nutritional status of zinc in pediatric populations of Latin American countries(AU)

Anemia, deficiencias de zinc y hierro, consumo de suplementos y morbilidad en niños mexicanos de 1 a 4 años: resultados de la Ensanut 100k / Anemia, iron and zinc deficiencies, supplements consumption and morbidity in Mexican children aged 1 to 4: analysis of Ensanut 100k

Resumen: Objetivo: Analizar la asociación entre el consumo de suplementos o leche Liconsa y anemia, deficiencias de zinc (DZ) y hierro (DH) y morbilidad en niños mexicanos residentes de localidades menores a 100 000 habitantes. Material y métodos: Se analizó información de 1 516 niños de 1 a 4 años de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición en localidades con menos de 100 000 habitantes realizada en el año 2018. Se definió Anemia si [Hb]<11 g/dL, DZ: [Zn]<65 µg/dL y DH: [ferritina]<12 µg/L. El consumo de suplementos y de leche Liconsa se obtuvo del cuestionario de Frecuencia de Consumo de Alimentos y morbilidad por autorreporte de la madre. Se emplearon modelos de regresión logística múltiple para el análisis de las asociaciones, ajustados por confusores. Resultados: El consumo medio y alto de leche Liconsa se asoció con menor momio de DH (RM=0.02 [IC95% 0.002,0.24] y RM=0.07 [IC95% 0.01,0.52]) y anemia (RM=0.13 [IC95% 0.04,0.37] y RM=0.17 [IC95% 0.03,0.87]). Un alto consumo de leche Liconsa (RM=0.09, [IC95% 0.01,0.44]) y de Vitaniño (RM=0.05 [IC95% 0.005, 0.46]) se asoció con menor momio de diarrea. Conclusiones: Es necesario considerar la continuidad del consumo de suplementos nutricionales para mejorar la salud y el estado de micronutrimentos en población infantil mexicana vulnerable.

Abstract: Objective: To analyze the association between supplements and Liconsa milk intake, with anemia, zinc (ZD) and iron (ID) deficiencies, and morbidity in Mexican children resident of less than 100 000 habitants' localities. Materials and methods: A subsample of 1 516 children aged 1-4 participants of Ensanut 100k was analyzed, carried out in 2018. Anemia was considered if [Hb]<11 g/dL, ZD if [Zn]<65 µg/dL and ID if [ferritin]<12 µg/L. Supplements and Liconsa milk consumption were obtained from a semi-quantitative food frequency; morbidity by self-report of the mother. Multiple logistic regression models were used adjusted by confounders. Results: Medium and high consumption of Liconsa milk was associated to lower odds of ID (OR=0.02, [95%CI 0.002,0.24] and OR=0.07, [95%CI 0.01,0.52]) and anemia (OR=0.13, [95%CI 0.04,0.37] and OR=0.17, [95%CI 0.03,0.87]). A high intake of Liconsa milk (OR=0.09, [95%CI 0.01,0.44]) and Vitaniño (OR=0.05 [95%CI 0.005, 0.46]) were both associated to lower diarrhea risk. Conclusions: To assure the continuity of the consumption of nutritional supplements is necessary for improving the health and the micronutrients status in vulnerable Mexican children.

A study of zinc level in cord blood of neonates and its relationship with antropometric measurements in the neonates: a descriptive cross-sectional study

Background: During pregnancy, fast growth and cell differentiation takes place in both mother and foetus. Maternal nutritional factors play an important role in the growth of the neonate. Among the micronutrient zinc is an important micronutrient whose deficiency is associated with poor pregnancy outcomes. The objective the current study was to evaluate the relationship of serum zinc concentration of the maternal blood and the neonatal cord blood with that of the infant's anthropometric measurements.Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was performed under the Department of Neonatology, Saveetha medical college. Duration of the study was from April 2017 to June 2018. The study included 82 singleton mother baby dyads born in Saveetha medical college. Anthropometric measurements such as birth weight, head circumference, neonate length apart from other clinical features of both the mother and neonates were recorded for statistical analysis. Serum zinc levels were estimated using 2-(5-bromo-2-pyridylazo)-5-(N-Propyl-N-sulfopropylamino)-phenol (5-Br-PAPS) protocol.Results: The mean maternal age of the study population is 25.3'2.3 years. Majority of the mother had natural mode of delivery (57%). The mean cord serum zinc level was found to be 94.0'1.6microgram /dl and the mother's serum zinc level was 93.8'30.7microgram /dl (range from 49 to 171microgram /dl) which was not found to be statistically significant. Serum zinc levels of the cord was compared with the child anthropometrics and mother's serum zinc levels to assess for the significance, but there was no correlation observed between the umbilical cord, and the birth weight (r=0.03), length of the child (r=-0.02), head circumference (r=-0.07) and mothers serum zinc levels (r=-0.002).Conclusions: According to our results authors were unable to establish a relationship between Neonates growth parameters and zinc levels in neonates cord blood and zinc levels in the mother. Further studies with a larger sample size and prospective design would establish a causal relationship between zinc and growth parameters in the neonate.

Prevalence and risk factors of anemia and zinc deficiency among 4�year-old children of Allahabad District, Uttar Pradesh

Anemia and zinc deficiency are two of the most daunting nutritional problems afflicting the young children among developing countries like India. Thus, in view of this the following study was designed to investigate the status of undernutrition and micronutrient status (iron and zinc) of children aged between 4 and 6 years of Allahabad district. The anthropometric measurements (height and weight); biochemical parameters (hemoglobin and serum zinc), and general information of the children were recorded. Out of the total 365 children studied, 92.9% were anemic out of which 90.6% (n = 307) were moderately anemic having and 2.3% belonged to mild anemic group. Serum zinc deficiency was 65.3%. Anemia was more commonly observed among undernourished children. In case of zinc deficiency poor nutritional status, the age of 60� months and rural settlement projected out to be the potent risk factors.

Maternal zinc metabolism and changes of metallothionein-1 and zinc transporter-1 in fetal congenital heart diseases / 中华临床营养杂志

Objective To investigate maternal zinc metabolism and the changes of zinc-related factors as metallothionein-1 (MT1) and zinc transporter-1 (ZnT1) in certain types of congenital heart diseases (CHD).Methods Fifteen infants with interventricular septal defect,12 infants with atrial septal defect and 7 infants with tetralogy of Fallot,together with their mothers were enrolled,and normal infants and their mothers were enrolled by a ratio of 1 ∶ 1 with the above three types of CHD diseases.General conditions of the mothers,along with their diets and zinc-containing drug supplementation during the pregnancy,were surveyed.Maternal blood zinc levels and serum alkaline phosphatase activities at gestation week 32 and delivery or induced abortion,and the protein and mRNA expressions of MT1 and ZnT1 in maternal serum and placental tissue at delivery or induced abortion were assayed.Results The general conditions were comparable between the CHD group and control group.The ratio of the mothers taking more zinc-rich food was significantly lower in the CHD group than in the control group.Circulating zinc levels in interventricular septal defect (73.55±5.79 μmol/L),atrial septal defect (72.66±5.82 μmol/L) and tetralogy of Fallot (68.72±6.72 μmol/L) groups were significantly lower than those in the control groups (82.77± 7.88,84.58 ± 7.55 and 85.66 ± 7.30 μmol/L) at delivery (P all ＜ 0.05).Similar change patterns were seen for serum alkaline phosphatase activities.The relative quantities of serum MT1 and ZnT1 proteins in interventricular septal defect (73.22±36.54 and 68.55± 27.82),atrial septal defect (64.29± 38.26 and 74.55 ± 29.67) and tetralogy of Fallot (67.88± 30.50 and 70.13±29.65) groups were significantly lower than those in their corresponding control groups (166.31±67.43and 97.67±30.22,182.56±71.40 and 111.65±32.70,and 173.81±62.36 and 108.27±28.52,P＜0.01 or P＜0.05).The relative quantities of placental MT1 and ZnT1 proteins and mRNA expressions in interventricular septal defect (protein quantities 0.438±0.096 and 0.384±0.061,mRNA expressions 1.23±0.82 and 0.96±0.39),atrial septal defect (0.427±0.093 and 0.377±0.059,1.17±0.70 and 0.85±0.40) and tetralogy of Fallot (0.414±0.111 and 0.336±0.066,1.31±0.97 and 0.90±0.38) groups were significantly lower than those in their corresponding control groups (protein quantities 0.565±0.083 and 0.541±0.090,mRNA expressions 2.78± 1.06 and 1.67±0.33;protein quantities 0.622±0.136 and 0.493±0.079,mRNA expressions 2.85±0.89 and 1.72±0.38;protein quantities 0.637±0.125 and 0.521±0.089,mRNA expressions 3.21 ± 0.99 and 1.61±0.29;P＜0.01 or P＜0.05).Conclusion Mothers with their fetus of certain types of CHD are found zinc deficiency,and down-regulation of MT1 and ZnT1 expressions in the serum and placenta may involve in the pathogenesis of CHD when maternal zinc deficiency.

Acrodermatite enteropática: manifestações clínicas e diagnóstico pediátrico / Acrodermatitis enteropathica: clinical manifestations and pediatric diagnosis

RESUMO Objetivo: Relatar um caso de acrodermatite enteropática, doença rara com herança autossômica recessiva. Relato de caso: Menino de 11 meses de idade apresentava lesões eritematosas simétricas na face, pés, mãos e joelhos, diarreia intermitente, febre e infecções recorrentes desde os seis meses de idade. Ele estava emagrecido e tinha cabelos escassos no couro cabeludo. Foi solicitada a avaliação da concentração sérica de zinco e identificado um nível reduzido de 27,0 mcg/dL (valores de referência: 50,0-120,0). Foi iniciada a suplementação oral com 2,0 mg/kg/dia de sulfato de zinco. Houve melhora rápida e progressiva dos sintomas. Os sintomas reapareceram quando houve uma tentativa de descontinuar a suplementação. Comentários: Reconhecer e tratar adequadamente a acrodermatite enteropática é importante para evitar as complicações da doença.

ABSTRACT Objective: To report a case of acrodermatitis enteropathica, a rare disease with autosomal recessive inheritance. Case description: An 11-month-old boy was presenting symmetrical erythematous and yellowish-brownish crusted lesions on his face, feet, hands and knees, intermittent diarrhea, fever, and recurrent infections since the age of six months. He was thin and had scarce hair on the scalp. The serum zinc level was measured and a reduced level of 27.0 mcg/dL (normal range: 50.0-120.0) was identified. Oral supplementation with 2.0 mg/kg/day of zinc sulfate was immediately initiated. A rapid and progressive improvement of symptoms was observed. The symptoms reappeared with an attempt to stop supplementation. Comments: Recognizing and properly treating acrodermatitis enteropathica is important to prevent complications.

Advances in the research of zinc deficiency and zinc supplementation treatment in patients with severe burns / 中华烧伤杂志

Zinc is one of the essential trace elements in human body, which plays an important role in regulating acute inflammatory response, glucose metabolism, anti-oxidation, immune and gastrointestinal function of patients with severe burns. Patients with severe burns may suffer from zinc deficiency because of insufficient amount of zinc intake from the diet and a large amount of zinc lose through wounds and urine. Zinc deficiency may affect their wound healing process and prognosis. This article reviews the characteristics of zinc metabolism in patients with severe burns through dynamic monitoring the plasma and urinary concentration of zinc. An adequate dosage of zinc supplemented to patients with severe burns by an appropriate method can increase the level of zinc in plasma and skin tissue and improve wound healing, as well as reduce the infection rates and mortality. At the same time, it is important to observe the symptoms and signs of nausea, dizziness, leukopenia and arrhythmia in patients with severe burns after supplementing excessive zinc.

Effect of isoflurane anesthesia on hippocampus neuroapoptosis in zinc-deficient APP/PS1 transgenic mice of Alzheimer's disease models / 吉林大学学报(医学版)

Objective:To study the effect of isoflurane anesthesia on the hippocampal neuroapoptosis in the zincdeficient APP/PS1 transgenic mice,and to clarify its related mechanisms.Methods:The eight-month or ninemonth old APP/PS1 transgenic mice were randomly assigned to four groups (n=24):zinc adequate (ZA) group,the mice were given a standard diet for 2 months;zinc adequate+ isoflurane (ZA+ Iso) group,the mice were given a standard diet for 2 months then exposed to 1.4％ isoflurane for 2 h;zinc-deficient (ZD) group,the mice were given zinc deficient diet for 1 month;zinc deficient with isoflurane (ZD+Iso) group,the mice were given zinc deficient diet for 1 month and then exposed to 1.4％ isoflurane for 2 h.The hippocampus tissue of the mice were obtained 24 h after anesthesia.The immunofluorescence double staining was performed to measure the apoptotic rates of hippocampal neurons.The Western blotting method was used to detect the expression levels of Aβ and Cleaved caspase-3 and the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2.Results:Compared with ZA group,the apoptotic rate of neurons,the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 and the expression level of Cleaved caspase-3 of the mice in ZA+Iso group were increased 6 h after isoflurane exposure (P＜0.05 or P＜0.01);but no differences were found in the apoptotic rate of neurons and the expression levels of total Aβ,Aβ40 and Aβ42 24 h after isoflurane exposure (P＞0.05).Compared with ZA group,the apoptotic rates of neurons,the ratios of Bax/Bcl-2,the expression levels of Aβ42 and Cleaved caspase-3 of the mice in ZD group and ZD+ Iso group were increased 6 and 24 h after isoflurane exposure (P＜0.05or P＜0.01).Compared with ZD group,the apoptotic rate of neurons,the expression levels of Aβ42,Bax/Bcl-2and Cleaved caspase-3 and the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 of the mice in ZD+Iso group were elevated significantly 6 and 24 h after isoflurane exposure (P＜0.05 or P＜0.01).Conclusion:1.4％ isoflurane exposure for 2 h can induce the transient elevation of hippocampal neuroapoptosis in the ten-month old APP/PS1 transgenic mice.1.4 ％ isoflurane exposure for 2 h can significantly aggravate the hippocampal neuroapoptosis in the zinc-deficient APP/PS1 transgenic mice,it is probably associated with the hippocampal Aβ aggregation,activation of Bax and Caspase-3 and inhibition of Bcl-2.

Effect of isoflurane anesthesia on hippocampus neuroapoptosis in zinc-deficient APP/PS1 transgenic mice of Alzheimer's disease models / 吉林大学学报(医学版)

Objective: To study the effect of isoflurane anesthesia on the hippocampal neuroapoptosis in the zincdeficient APP/PS1 transgenic mice, and to clarify its related mechanisms. Methods: The eight-month or ninemonth old APP/PS1 transgenic mice were randomly assigned to four groups (n=24): zinc adequate (ZA) group, the mice were given a standard diet for 2 months; zinc adequate + isoflurane (ZA+Iso) group, the mice were given a standard diet for 2 months then exposed to 1. 4% isoflurane for 2 h; zinc-deficient (ZD) group, the mice were given zinc deficient diet for 1 month; zinc deficient with isoflurane (ZD+Iso) group, the mice were given zinc deficient diet for 1 month and then exposed to 1. 4% isoflurane for 2 h. The hippocampus tissue of the mice were obtained 24 h after anesthesia. The immunofluorescence double staining was performed to measure the apoptotic rates of hippocampal neurons. The Western blotting method was used to detect the expression levels of Aβ and Cleaved caspase-3 and the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2. Results: Compared with ZA group, the apoptotic rate of neurons, the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 and the expression level of Cleaved caspase-3 of the mice in ZA+Iso group were increased 6 h after isoflurane exposure (P0. 05). Compared with ZA group, the apoptotic rates of neurons, the ratios of Bax/Bcl-2, the expression levels of Aβ42 and Cleaved caspase-3 of the mice in ZD group and ZD+Iso group were increased 6 and 24 h after isoflurane exposure (P<0. 05 or P<0. 01). Compared with ZD group, the apoptotic rate of neurons, the expression levels of Aβ42, Bax/Bcl-2 and Cleaved caspase-3 and the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 of the mice in ZD+Iso group were elevated significantly 6 and 24 h after isoflurane exposure (P<0. 05 or P<0. 01). Conclusion: 1.4% isoflurane exposure for 2 h can induce the transient elevation of hippocampal neuroapoptosis in the ten-month old APP/PS1 transgenic mice. 1.4% isoflurane exposure for 2 h can significantly aggravate the hippocampal neuroapoptosis in the zinc-deficient APP/PS1 transgenic mice, it is probably associated with the hippocampal Aβ aggregation, activation of Bax and Caspase-3 and inhibition of Bcl-2.

Determinantes dietéticos del consumo de zinc en menores de cinco años con retardo del crecimiento en comunidades mayas de Guatemala / Dietetic Determinants of Zinc Consumption in Stunted Children Under Five in Maya Communities From Guatemala

RESUMEN El objetivo del estudio fue identificar elementos del patrón alimentario que influyen en la ingesta y biodisponibilidad de zinc en niños con retardo del crecimiento (RC) entre 1-5 años en comunidades maya de la localidad de Huehuetenango, Guatemala. Estudio descriptivo, transversal aplicado en 138 niños de entre 1-5 años con RC. Se realizó un inventario de disponibilidad alimentaria de fuentes de zinc, se construyó un cuestionario frecuencia de consumo de alimentos, un cuestionario de condiciones de vida, prácticas alimentarias, antropometría, y se recolectó información acerca de enfermedades infecciosas. Hubo disponibilidad de 28 alimentos fuentes de zinc (54% de baja y 7% de alta biodisponibilidad). El consumo de alimentos de alta biodisponibilidad fue bajo y el de alimentos antagonistas, alto. Los niños consumían 3 mg de zinc al día (IC95% 2,65-3,35). Solo el 14,5% alcanzaba los requerimientos de zinc, y el 2,9% alcanzaba la recomendación diaria. La ocurrencia de diarrea e infecciones, en los quince días previos, fue del 29,71 y 45,65%, respectivamente. Concluimos que la mayoría de niños con RC tuvo un bajo consumo de fuentes de zinc, alto consumo de alimentos antagonistas.

ABSTRACT The objective of the study was to identify the elements from feeding patterns that influence the intake and bioavailability of zinc in stunted children (SC) 1-5 years from Maya communities living in Huehuetenango, Guatemala. This descriptive, cross-sectional study was performed in 138 stunted children aged 1-5 years. It was applied: an inventory of zinc food sources availability, a Food Frequency Questionnaire, a questionnaire about living conditions. anthropometrics measurements and information on food intake habits, and information about disease prevalence. Twenty-eight food sources of zinc were available for consumption (54% low and 7% high zinc bioavailability). The consumption of foods with high bioavailability was low, while the antagonistic foods were high. On average the daily zinc consumption in diet 3 mg (95% CI: 2.65-3.35). Only 14.5% of the children met the zinc requirements, and 2.9% reached the daily recommendation. Episodes of diarrhea and respiratory infections were observed 15 days before the visit, in 29.71% and 45.6% of children, respectively. Most of children have a diet that does not cover the daily requirement.

Acrodermatitis enteropática / Acrodermatitis enteropathica

Resumen: Introducción: La acrodermatitis enteropática es una enfermedad de baja incidencia que ocurre por deficiencia de zinc; puede ser hereditaria o adquirida. Se caracteriza por dermatitis acral, alopecia, diarrea y problemas de crecimiento. La afección dermatológica puede simular una infección micótica cutánea u otras enfermedades de la piel relacionadas con patógenos. Caso clínico: Se informa el caso de una paciente de sexo femenino de 7 meses de edad, que fue enviada al Centro Médico Nacional 20 de Noviembre por sospecha de inmunodeficiencia y micosis cutánea. Inició con un cuadro clínico caracterizado por dermatosis diseminada a cabeza, tronco y región genital, por lo que recibió tratamiento inicial con un antifúngico y antibióticos de amplio espectro, sin presentar mejoría. A su ingreso se descartaron inmunodeficiencia e infección micótica. Se sospechó acrodermatitis enteropática, corroborándose el diagnóstico al encontrar niveles séricos de zinc disminuidos. La paciente presentó mejoría inmediata tras el inicio del tratamiento con zinc por vía oral. Conclusiones: El diagnóstico diferencial de acrodermatitis enteropática es amplio e incluye infecciones cutáneas, por lo que el reconocimiento temprano de las características de las lesiones favorece la sospecha, el diagnóstico y el tratamiento adecuado.

Abstract: Introduction: Acrodermatitis enteropathica is a low-incidence disease due to inherited or acquired zinc deficiency. It is characterized by acral dermatitis, alopecia, diarrhea and growth retardation. The dermatological condition may mimic a cutaneous fungal infection or other pathogen-related skin diseases. Case report: We report the case of a female patient of 7 months of age, who was sent to Centro Médico Nacional 20 de Noviembre for suspicion of immunodeficiency and cutaneous mycosis. Her condition began with dermatosis disseminated to the head, trunk and genital region; initial treatment with antifungal and broad spectrum antibiotics was given, without improvement. Upon admission, immunodeficiency and fungal infection were discarded. Acrodermatitis enteropathica was suspected, and corroborated later by low serum zinc levels. Immediately after the start of oral treatment with zinc, the patient showed improvement. Conclusions: There are multiple differential diagnoses of acrodermatitis enteropathica, which includes cutaneous infections. Therefore, the early recognition of the characteristic lesions favors suspicion, diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

Progress in the molecular relationship between zinc deficiency and esophageal cancer / 肿瘤

Esophageal cancer is a common gastrointestinal malignancy and China has a high incidence of esophageal cancer. Zinc deficiency is a key risk factor for the occurrence and development of esophageal cancer and affects its progression through various ways, including changing the expression of coding genes and non-coding genes. In addition, the lack of zinc ions can also affect the stability of zinc finger protein (ZNF). The dysregulation of ZNF and its associated long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) play an important role in the progression of esophageal cancer. This paper summarizes the molecular relationship between zinc deficiency and esophageal cancer, hoping to provide new strategies and methods for the early diagnosis, targeted therapies and prognosis assessment of esophageal cancer.